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        <span>python_入门复习之文件读取</span>
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        <h1 id="python-文件读取"><a href="#python-文件读取" class="headerlink" title="python-文件读取"></a>python-文件读取</h1><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span 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class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">文件的基本操作 </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 打开</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 读写</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 关闭</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">打开：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">在python，使用open函数，可以打开一个已经存在的文件，或者创建一个新文件，语法如下：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">open(name, mode)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">name：是要打开的目标文件名的字符串(可以包含文件所在的具体路径)。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">mode：设置打开文件的模式(访问模式)：只读、写入、追加等。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">| 模式 | 描述                                                         |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">| :--: | ------------------------------------------------------------ |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  r   | 以只读方式打开文件。文件的指针将会放在文件的开头。这是默认模式。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  rb  | 以二进制格式打开一个文件用于只读。文件指针将会放在文件的开头。这是默认模式。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  r+  | 打开一个文件用于读写。文件指针将会放在文件的开头。           |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">| rb+  | 以二进制格式打开一个文件用于读写。文件指针将会放在文件的开头。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  w   | 打开一个文件只用于写入。如果该文件已存在则打开文件，并从开头开始编辑，即原有内容会被删除。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  wb  | 以二进制格式打开一个文件只用于写入。如果该文件已存在则打开文件，并从开头开始编辑，即原有内容会被删除。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  w+  | 打开一个文件用于读写。如果该文件已存在则打开文件，并从开头开始编辑，即原有内容会被删除。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">| wb+  | 以二进制格式打开一个文件用于读写。如果该文件已存在则打开文件，并从开头开始编辑，即原有内容会被删除。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  a   | 打开一个文件用于追加。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。也就是说，新的内容将会被写入到已有内容之后。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件进行写入。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  ab  | 以二进制格式打开一个文件用于追加。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。也就是说，新的内容将会被写入到已有内容之后。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件进行写入。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">|  a+  | 打开一个文件用于读写。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。文件打开时会是追加模式。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件用于读写。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">| ab+  | 以二进制格式打开一个文件用于追加。如果该文件已存在，文件指针将会放在文件的结尾。如果该文件不存在，创建新文件用于读写。 |</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">f = open(&#x27;test.txt&#x27;, &#x27;w&#x27;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 1. 打开文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">f = open(&#x27;test.txt&#x27;, &#x27;w&#x27;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 2.文件写入</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">f.write(&#x27;hello world&#x27;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 3. 关闭文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">f.close()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">注意：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1. `w  `和`a`模式：如果文件不存在则创建该文件；如果文件存在，`w`模式先清空再写入，`a`模式直接末尾追加。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">2. `r`模式：如果文件不存在则报错。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">文件对象.read(num)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&gt; num表示要从文件中读取的数据的长度（单位是字节），如果没有传入num，那么就表示读取文件中所有的数据。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">readlines可以按照行的方式把整个文件中的内容进行一次性读取，并且返回的是一个列表，其中每一行的数据为一个元素</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">f = open(&#x27;test.txt&#x27;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">content = f.readlines()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># [&#x27;hello world\n&#x27;, &#x27;abcdefg\n&#x27;, &#x27;aaa\n&#x27;, &#x27;bbb\n&#x27;, &#x27;ccc&#x27;]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">print(content)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 关闭文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">f.close()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">readline()一次读取一行内容。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">文件对象.seek(偏移量, 起始位置)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">起始位置：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 0：文件开头</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 1：当前位置</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 2：文件结尾</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">关闭</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">文件对象.close()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">在Python中文件和文件夹的操作要借助os模块里面的相关功能，具体步骤如下：</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">导入os模块</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">import os</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">使用`os`模块相关功能</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.函数名()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">文件重命名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.rename(目标文件名, 新文件名)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">删除文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.remove(目标文件名)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">创建文件夹</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.mkdir(文件夹名字)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">删除文件夹</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.rmdir(文件夹名字)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">获取当前目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.getcwd()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">改变默认目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.chdir(目录)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">获取目录列表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">os.listdir(目录)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">需求：批量修改文件名，既可添加指定字符串，又能删除指定字符串。</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 步骤</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">1. 设置添加删除字符串的的标识</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">2. 获取指定目录的所有文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">3. 将原有文件名添加/删除指定字符串，构造新名字</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">4. os.rename()重命名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">import os</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 设置重命名标识：如果为1则添加指定字符，flag取值为2则删除指定字符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">flag = 1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 获取指定目录</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">dir_name = &#x27;./&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 获取指定目录的文件列表</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">file_list = os.listdir(dir_name)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># print(file_list)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 遍历文件列表内的文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">for name in file_list:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    # 添加指定字符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    if flag == 1:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        new_name = &#x27;Python-&#x27; + name</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    # 删除指定字符</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    elif flag == 2:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        num = len(&#x27;Python-&#x27;)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        new_name = name[num:]</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    # 打印新文件名，测试程序正确性</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    print(new_name)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    # 重命名</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    os.rename(dir_name+name, dir_name+new_name)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"># 六. 总结</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 文件操作步骤</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - 打开</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  ``` python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  文件对象 = open(目标文件, 访问模式)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  ```</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - 操作</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    - 读</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    ``` python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    文件对象.read()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    文件对象.readlines()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    文件对象.readline()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    ```</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    - 写</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    ``` python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    文件对象.write()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    ```</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    - seek()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - 关闭</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  ``` python</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  文件对象.close()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  ```</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 主访问模式</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - w：写，文件不存在则新建该文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - r：读，文件不存在则报错</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - a：追加</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">- 文件和文件夹操作</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - 重命名：os.rename()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - 获取当前目录：os.getcwd()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">  - 获取目录列表：os.listdir()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&quot;&quot;&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

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